Mysterious underwater acoustic world of British ponds revealed in new study

The previously hidden and diverse underwater acoustic world in British ponds has been uncovered by a team of researchers at the University of Bristol.

Ponds are magnets for life and a lot of that life is very noisy. Water beetles, bugs, fish, frogs, and even aquatic plants all produce sound creating a diverse underwater orchestra that scientists are only just starting to understand.

Acoustic monitoring has been shown to effectively survey birds and monkeys in rainforests, and marine mammals in the oceans. However, freshwater environments have remained largely unexplored despite their diverse soundscapes.

"Ponds are packed full of bizarre and mysterious sounds made by scratching aquatic insects, booming fish, and popping plants. It's like an underwater disco!" explained lead author Dr Jack Greenhalgh from Bristol's School of Biological Sciences.

To better understand these mysterious soundscapes, the team collected 840 hours of underwater sound recordings from five ponds in the southwest of England using an underwater microphone (a hydrophone).

And in findings published in the journal Freshwater Biology, analysis of the audio files revealed clear daily acoustic activity cycles in each pond.

Typically, a nocturnal chorus is made by aquatic insects that compete to attract mates by producing strange scratching sounds as they rub their genitals against their abdomens. During the daytime, however, aquatic plants dominate the underwater orchestra with rhythmic whining and ticking sounds produced as tiny oxygen bubbles are released by plants respiring in the hot sun.

Prof. Gareth Jones said: "Recording animal sounds has provided great advances for monitoring and surveying terrestrial animals remotely. Given the rich diversity of underwater sounds that is only now being revealed, the potential for assessing the health of freshwater ecosystems is great, especially with low-cost monitoring devices now becoming available."

Using this acoustic method, the presence of species, and a determination of ecological health, can be inferred simply by listening to the natural world without disturbing the environment or harming the plants and animals within it. This research is the first to provide a detailed description of pond soundscapes in the UK and will help inform the acoustic monitoring of freshwater ecosystems to help prevent irreversible species loss due to climate change and habitat loss.

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Florida's 76,000 stormwater ponds emit more carbon than they store

When you look at ponds, you might see birds and fish, but you probably don't think about carbon. In fact, Florida's 76,000 ponds store plenty of carbon, and a lot of it escapes into the atmosphere.

In fact, ponds lose more carbon via gas than they store in the muck, a new University of Florida study found.

"That finding means some ponds are doing us an ecosystem 'disservice,'" said Mary Lusk, a UF/IFAS assistant professor of soil and water sciences. "Globally, we expect that as urbanization continues, there will be more and more of these small human-made ponds in urban landscapes."

This research will inform scientists' attempts to estimate how much carbon is entering the atmosphere from these ponds on a regional basis, said Lusk, a faculty member at the UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center.

"Then, once people start to understand that better, we hope they will take stormwater ponds into account for policies related to carbon control," she said. "Stormwater ponds are everywhere in Florida. But they are understudied in terms of how they are impacting local ecosystems. Because they are human-made parts of the landscape, they sort of get overlooked, and people might assume they're not very important ecologically."

The sheer number of ponds compelled Lusk to study if they could have larger environmental effects than people think. She originally wanted to focus on nitrogen and phosphorus in ponds, but one of her graduate students, Audrey Goeckner, wanted to study carbon.

"When I learned that I had the chance to work in stormwater ponds, similar to what I had grown up in around in my neighborhood, I immediately asked myself, well what about these little urban ponds? How do they compare to other aquatic ecosystems?" asked Goeckner, now a Ph.D. student in soil and water sciences on the main UF/IFAS campus in Gainesville. "Turns out that despite their small size,

they can rapidly store and process carbon, which adds up when you consider how many of them exist in developed landscapes and how many continue to be built."

For the study, done as part of her master's thesis at GCREC, Goeckner designed a way to measure the amount of carbon leaving ponds. Although Goeckner studied ponds in Manatee County, her findings hold implications for pond carbon emissions globally.

Goeckner took two canoes (attached to each other) into the ponds. She and a lab technician each sat in one canoe to balance the weight. Goeckner then collected muck from the bottom of the ponds and measured the depth of muck above a sandy layer of sediment, indicating when the pond was constructed and the amount of organic carbon stored in it.

That's how Goeckner found the amount of carbon buried in the ponds.

Secondly, she modified a chamber that is normally used to measure greenhouse gases -- carbon dioxide and methane -- from soil. Instead, Goeckner used the chamber to measure these gases from the surface of the ponds.

She found the quantity of these gases that escapes from the ponds each year, and then compared carbon stored in the pond muck vs. carbon lost via gaseous loss. As a result, scientists now know that ponds give off more carbon than they store and that the amount lost changes over the lifetime of a pond.

As Florida continues to grow, it's going to become more urbanized. With new development often comes new stormwater ponds, which are not as good at storing carbon as older ones, Lusk said.

As ponds age, their sediment and biogeochemical properties may promote the amount of carbon stored, rather than emitted as a gas, Goeckner said. That translates to better storage efficiency of organic carbon that enters the water.

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