Coral reefs in peril from record-breaking ocean heat

Record breaking marine heatwaves will cause devastating mass coral bleaching worldwide in the next few years, according to a University of Queensland coral reef scientist.

The alarming finding is the result of an international study led by UQ's Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg of UQ's School of the Environment, who is currently attending the COP28 climate change meetings in Dubai.

"We were shocked to find heat stress conditions started as much as 12 weeks ahead of previously recorded peaks and were sustained for much longer in the eastern tropical Pacific and wider Caribbean," Professor Hoegh-Guldberg said.

"Historical data suggests the current marine heatwaves will likely be the precursor to a global mass coral bleaching and mortality event over the next 12 to 24 months, as the El Niño phase of El Niño-Southern Oscillation or ENSO continues.

"Across July 2023, Earth experienced its warmest days on record since 1910, as well as the warmest month ever recorded for sea surface temperatures.

"This puts immense pressure on vital but fragile tropical ecosystems, such as coral reefs, mangrove forests, and seagrass meadows.

"For example, a coral reef in the Florida Keys called Newfound Harbor Key accumulated heat stress almost 3 times the previous record and it occurred 6 weeks ahead of previous peaks."

Professor Hoegh-Guldberg said the findings come at a critical point in protecting global biodiversity, with commitment to climate change mitigation slipping in many nations.

"The latest environmental information indicates that we're well off-track when it comes to keeping global surface temperatures from reaching a very dangerous condition by mid to late this century," he said.

"Frankly, we're hurtling in the opposite direction.

"Compounding this is the fact these devastating impacts appear to be rolling into a vast record-breaking global event."

Professor Hoegh-Guldberg said that without serious and swift action, the persistence of coral reefs beyond the next few decades is in serious jeopardy.

"Our study shows that ENSO is a major determinant of the fate of the world's coral reefs," he said.

"Rising sea temperatures, coupled with other stressors such as ocean acidification and pollution, have severely weakened their resilience.

"This puts coral reefs and a quarter of the ocean's biodiversity at serious risk of annihilation."

Professor Hoegh-Guldberg said efforts to introduce of heat-tolerance genes into the natural coral population have shown promise, but the reality of scaling these efforts remains logistically challenging.

"Given the complex and interconnected nature of marine ecosystems such as coral reefs, a comprehensive approach is necessary for mitigating the impacts of changing oceanic conditions," he said.

"The importance of reducing our emissions is underscored in our findings, where massive changes to oceanic warming are set to destroy coral reefs and many other ecosystems.

Read more at Science Daily

Suburban backyard home to more than 1,000 species

A challenge among three housemates to identify species around their inner-Brisbane home has resulted in an academic research paper, showcasing the rich biodiversity in urban landscapes.

UQ mathematician Dr Matt Holden, ecologist Dr Andrew Rogers and taxonomist Dr Russell Yong took a census of their Annerley share house and its backyard during the COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020, and discovered 1,150 unique species of animals, plants and fungi over a 12-month period.

"We asked a large number of ecologists and conservation scientists how many species they'd expect to find in this setting and they predicted only 200," Dr Holden said.

"But after 60 days of surveying, we'd already discovered 777 species.

"It shows suburban houses and apartments could have far more biodiversity than ever imagined, especially when it comes to insects."

The idea of the species count was born when Dr Rogers went to vacuum cobwebs in his room and wondered how many spiders were on the property.

"The three of us soon envisioned a plan to comb through the house and backyard in search of other critters that resided alongside us," Dr Holden said.

The survey revealed richly biodiverse creatures including 436 moth and butterfly species, 56 different spiders, eight reptiles and 56 birds.

The bird species included tawny frogmouths, laughing kookaburras, blue-faced honeyeaters, rainbow lorikeets, spotted doves and Brisbane favourite, the Australian white ibis.

"Blue-tongued skinks hibernated under the garage and at night blue-banded and teddy-bear bees slept in the hedges under the front window," Dr Holden said.

The researchers were also surprised to discover three species not previously recorded in Australia's leading biodiversity database, Atlas of Living Australia -- a mosquito, a sandfly, and an invasive flatworm, Platydemus manokwari, which is responsible for native snail population declines, around the world.

"The house was a complex ecosystem of species interacting -- we stumbled upon the moth Scatochresis innumera, which as a caterpillar spends its whole time feeding inside the dung of a Brushtail Possum before emerging as an adult," Dr Holden said.

"The Parilyrgis concolor is another moth species whose caterpillar lives in spider webs and devours spider poop to survive."

Dr Holden said homes across all urban areas could play host to similar biodiversity.

"It depends on how people tend to their homes and gardens -- keeping low maintenance trees and shrubs and eliminating manicured lawns and pesticides will significantly boost the number of critters found," he said.

Read more at Science Daily

Riding sound waves in the brain

Brain tumours, brain haemorrhages and neurological and psychological conditions are often hard to treat with medication. And even when effective drugs are available, these tend to have severe side effects because they circulate throughout the brain and not just the area they are meant to treat. In light of this situation, researchers have high hopes of one day being able to provide a more targeted approach that would deliver medications to very specifically defined locations. To this end, they are in the process of developing mini-transporters that can be guided through the dense maze of blood vessels.

Researchers at ETH Zurich, the University of Zurich and the University Hospital Zurich have now managed for the first time to guide microvehicles through the blood vessels in the brain of an animal using ultrasound.

Ultrasound instead of magnetism

Compared to alternative navigation technologies such as those based on magnetic fields, ultrasound offers certain benefits.

Daniel Ahmed, Professor of Acoustic Robotics at ETH Zurich and supervisor of the study, explains: "In addition to being widely used in the medical field, ultrasound is safe and penetrates deep into the body."

For their microvehicle, Ahmed and his colleagues used gas-filled microbubbles coated in lipids -- the same substances that biological cell membranes are made of. The bubbles have a diameter of 1.5 micrometres and are currently used as contrast material in ultrasound imaging.

As the researchers have now shown, these microbubbles can be guided through blood vessels.

"Since these bubbles, or vesicles, are already approved for use in humans, it's likely that our technology will be approved and used in treatments for humans more quickly than other types of microvehicles currently in development," Ahmed says.

He was awarded a Starting Grant by the European Research Council ERC in 2019 for his project to research and develop this technology.

Another benefit of the ultrasound-guided microbubbles is that they dissolve in the body once they've done their job.

When using another approach, magnetic fields, the microvehicles have to be magnetic, and it's not easy to develop biodegradable microvehicles.

Moreover, the microbubbles developed by the ETH Zurich researchers are small and smooth.

"This makes it easy for us to guide them along narrow capillaries," says Alexia Del Campo Fonseca, a doctoral student in Ahmed's group and lead author of the study.

Going against the flow

Over the past few years, Ahmed and his group have been working in the lab to develop their method for guiding microbubbles through narrow vessels.

Now, in collaboration with researchers from the University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, they have tested this method on blood vessels in the brains of mice.

The researchers injected the bubbles into the rodents' circulatory system, where they are swept along in the bloodstream without any outside help.

However, the researchers managed to use ultrasound to hold the vesicles in place and guide them through the brain vessels against the direction of blood flow.

The researchers were even able to guide the bubbles through convoluted blood vessels or get them to change direction multiple times in order to steer them into the narrowest branches of the bloodstream.

To control the microvehicles' movements, the researchers also attached four small transducers to the outside of each mouse's skull.

These devices generate vibrations in the ultrasonic range, which spread through the brain as waves.

At certain points in the brain, the waves emitted by two or more transducers can either amplify each other or cancel each other out.

The researchers guide the bubbles using a sophisticated method of adjusting the output of each individual transducer.

Real-time imaging shows them what direction the bubbles are moving in.

To create the imaging for this study, the researchers used two-photon microscopy.

In the future, they also want to use ultrasound itself for imaging and plan to enhance ultrasound technology for this purpose.

Read more at Science Daily

Ancient stars made extraordinarily heavy elements

How heavy can an element be? An international team of researchers has found that ancient stars were capable of producing elements with atomic masses greater than 260, heavier than any element on the periodic table found naturally on Earth. The finding deepens our understanding of element formation in stars.

We are, literally, made of star stuff. Stars are element factories, where elements constantly fuse or break apart to create other lighter or heavier elements.

When we refer to light or heavy elements, we're talking about their atomic mass.

Broadly speaking, atomic mass is based on the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of one atom of that element.

The heaviest elements are only known to be created in neutron stars via the rapid neutron capture process, or r-process.

Picture a single atomic nucleus floating in a soup of neutrons.

Suddenly, a bunch of those neutrons get stuck to the nucleus in a very short time period -- usually in less than one second -- then undergo some internal neutron-to-proton changes, and voila!

A heavy element, such as gold, platinum or uranium, forms.

The heaviest elements are unstable or radioactive, meaning they decay over time.

One way that they do this is by splitting, a process called fission.

"The r-process is necessary if you want to make elements that are heavier than, say, lead and bismuth," says Ian Roederer, associate professor of physics at North Carolina State University and lead author of the research.

Roederer was previously at the University of Michigan.

"You have to add many neutrons very quickly, but the catch is that you need a lot of energy and a lot of neutrons to do so," Roederer says.

"We have a general idea of how the r-process works, but the conditions of the process are quite extreme," Roederer says.

"We don't have a good sense of how many different kinds of sites in the universe can generate the r-process, we don't know how the r-process ends, and we can't answer questions like, how many neutrons can you add? Or, how heavy can an element be? So we decided to look at elements that could be made by fission in some well-studied old stars to see if we could start to answer some of these questions."

The team took a fresh look at the amounts of heavy elements in 42 well-studied stars in the Milky Way.

The stars were known to have heavy elements formed by the r-process in earlier generations of stars.

By taking a broader view of the amounts of each heavy element found in these stars collectively, rather than individually as is more common, they identified previously unrecognized patterns.

Those patterns signaled that some elements listed near the middle of the periodic table -- such as silver and rhodium -- were likely the remnants of heavy element fission.

The team was able to determine that the r-process can produce atoms with an atomic mass of at least 260 before they fission.

"That 260 is interesting because we haven't previously detected anything that heavy in space or naturally on Earth, even in nuclear weapon tests," Roederer says.

"But seeing them in space gives us guidance for how to think about models and fission -- and could give us insight into how the rich diversity of elements came to be."

Read more at Science Daily

Three proposals from researchers to meet EU climate goals

The EU countries have decided that the EU is to be climate neutral by 2050. By 2030, greenhouse gas emissions must have been reduced by at least 55% compared to 1990. To meet this target, continued vigorous efforts are needed to reduce emissions, but that alone will not be enough. This is the conclusion of seven researchers from Sweden and Germany in an article in the journal Communications Earth & Environment. One of them is Mathias Fridahl, associate professor at the Department of Thematic Studies -- Environmental Change at Linköping University, Sweden.

"We have painted humanity into a corner. It's no longer possible to solve the climate crisis simply by reducing emissions. We also need to clean the atmosphere of carbon dioxide," says Mathias Fridahl.

The problem is that there are currently no incentives for companies and countries to invest in new technologies to remove carbon dioxide.

That is why a change in the EU's climate policy is needed. "There are many technologies that are quite well developed, but which aren't economically viable," says Mathias Fridahl.

He and his colleagues have three proposals that they believe could soon make a difference.

Anyone contributing to the removal of carbon dioxide should be able to get paid for it under the EU emissions trading scheme.

This should only apply to methods that have a long life span, that is, capture linked to the storage of carbon dioxide for thousands of years.

To get the trading scheme up and running, the researchers propose that the EU set up a central bank for carbon dioxide.

The bank would give investors a good price for the carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere.

In order to maintain the drive to continue reducing emissions at the same time, the proposal is that the bank strongly regulates how removal may be used to compensate for continued emissions.

The bank's financial muscle could come from revenues from carbon tariffs on goods from outside the Union.

To stimulate other measures with a shorter life span, the researchers propose an extension of the EU's land use regulation.

This sets out the measures to remove carbon dioxide that member states are allowed to be credited with when reporting their climate emissions.

Today, there is a limited amount of removal methods in forestry and agriculture.

The researchers contend that if the regulation were extended to more measures, it would encourage countries to invest resources in carbon removal.

The researchers also want the EU to identify which emissions will be very difficult or impossible to do anything about.

Greater clarity would reduce the risk of companies and member states postponing measures in the hope that their emissions will belong to the group that is difficult to tackle.

This would stimulate innovation and efforts to reduce emissions in parallel with initiatives to remove carbon dioxide.

Read more at Science Daily

Major breakthrough for severe asthma treatment

A landmark study has shown that severe asthma can be controlled using biologic therapies, without the addition of regular high-dose inhaled steroids which can have significant side effects.

The findings from the multinational SHAMAL study, published in The Lancet, demonstrated that 92% of patients using the biologic therapy benralizumab could safely reduce inhaled steroid dose and more than 60% could stop all use.

The study's results could be transformative for severe asthma patients by minimising or eliminating the unpleasant, and often serious, side effects of inhaled steroids.

These include osteoporosis which leads to increased risk of fractures, diabetes and cataracts.

Asthma is one of the most common respiratory diseases worldwide -- affecting almost 300 million people -- and around 3 to 5% of these have severe asthma.

This leads to daily symptoms of breathlessness, chest tightness and cough, along with repeated asthma attacks which require frequent hospitalisation.

The SHAMAL study was led by Professor David Jackson, head of the Severe Asthma Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' and Professor of Respiratory Medicine at King's College London.

Professor Jackson said: "Biological therapies such as benralizumab have revolutionised severe asthma care in many ways, and the results of this study show for the first time that steroid related harm can be avoided for the majority of patients using this therapy."

Benralizumab is a biologic therapy that reduces the number of inflammatory cells called eosinophil.

This is produced in abnormal numbers in the airway of patients with severe asthma and is critically involved in the development of asthma attacks.

Benralizumab is injected every four to eight weeks and is available in specialist NHS asthma centres.

The SHAMAL study took place across 22 sites in four countries -- the UK, France, Italy and Germany.

The 208 patients were randomly assigned to taper their high dose inhaled steroid by varying amounts over 32 weeks, followed by a 16 week maintenance period.

Approximately 90% of patients experienced no worsening of asthma symptoms and remained free of any exacerbations throughout the 48 week study.

Similar studies to SHAMAL will be necessary before firm recommendations can be made regarding the safety and efficacy of reducing or eliminating high dose steroid use with other biologic therapies.

Read more at Science Daily

Unlocking neutron star rotation anomalies: Insights from quantum simulation

A collaboration between quantum physicists and astrophysicists, led by Francesca Ferlaino and Massimo Mannarelli, has achieved a significant breakthrough in understanding neutron star glitches. They were able to numerically simulate this enigmatic cosmic phenomenon with ultracold dipolar atoms. This research establishes a strong link between quantum mechanics and astrophysics and paves the way for quantum simulation of stellar objects from Earth.

Neutron stars have fascinated and puzzled scientists since the first detected signature in 1967.

Known for their periodic flashes of light and rapid rotation, neutron stars are among the densest objects in the universe, with a mass comparable to that of the Sun but compressed into a sphere only about 20 kilometers in diameter.

These stellar objects exhibit a peculiar behavior known as a "glitch," where the star suddenly speeds up its spin.

This phenomenon suggests that neutron stars might be partly superfluid.

In a superfluid, rotation is characterized by numerous tiny vortices, each carrying a fraction of angular momentum.

A glitch occurs when these vortices escape from the star's inner crust to its solid outer crust, thereby increasing the star's rotational speed.

The key ingredient for this study lies in the concept of a "supersolid" -- a state that exhibits both crystalline and superfluid properties -- which is predicted to be a necessary ingredient of neutron star glitches.

Quantized vortices nest within the supersolid until they collectively escape and are consequently absorbed by the outer crust of the star, accelerating its rotation.

Recently, the supersolid phase has been realized in experiments with ultracold dipolar atoms, providing a unique opportunity to simulate the conditions within a neutron star.

The recent study by researchers at the University of Innsbruck and the Austrian Academy of Sciences as well as the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and the Gran Sasso Science Institute in Italy demonstrates that glitches can occur in ultracold supersolids, serving as versatile analogues for the inside of neutron stars.

This groundbreaking approach allows for a detailed exploration of the glitch mechanism, including its dependence on the quality of the supersolid.

"Our research establishes a strong link between quantum mechanics and astrophysics and provides a new perspective on the inner nature of neutron stars," says first author Elena Poli.

Glitches provide valuable insights into the internal structure and dynamics of neutron stars.

By studying these events, scientists can learn more about the properties of matter under extreme conditions.

"This research shows a new approach to gain insights into the behavior of neutron stars and opens new avenues for the quantum simulation of stellar objects from low-energy Earth laboratories," emphasizes Francesca Ferlaino.

Read more at Science Daily

Geoscientists map changes in atmospheric CO2 over past 66 million years

Today atmospheric carbon dioxide is at its highest level in at least several million years thanks to widespread combustion of fossil fuels by humans over the past couple centuries.

But where does 419 parts per million (ppm) -- the current concentration of the greenhouse gas in the atmosphere -- fit in Earth's history?

That's a question an international community of scientists, featuring key contributions by University of Utah geologists, is sorting out by examining a plethora of markers in the geologic record that offer clues about the contents of ancient atmospheres. Their initial study was published this week in the journal Science, reconstructing CO2 concentrations going back through the Cenozoic, the era that began with the demise dinosaurs and rise of mammals 66 million years ago.

Glaciers contain air bubbles, providing scientists direct evidence of CO2 levels going back 800,000 years, according to U geology professor Gabe Bowen, one of the study's corresponding authors. But this record does not extend very deep into the geological past.

"Once you lose the ice cores, you lose direct evidence. You no longer have samples of atmospheric gas that you can analyze," Bowen said. "So you have to rely on indirect evidence, what we call proxies. And those proxies are tough to work with because they are indirect."

"Proxies" in the geologic record

These proxies include isotopes in minerals, the morphology of fossilized leaves and other lines of geological evidence that reflect atmospheric chemistry. One of the proxies stems from the foundational discoveries of U geologist Thure Cerling, himself a co-author on the new study, whose past research determined carbon isotopes in ancient soils are indicative of past CO2 levels.

But the strength of these proxies vary and most cover narrow slices of the past. The research team, called the Cenozoic CO2 Proxy Integration Project, or CenCO2PIP, and organized by Columbia University climate scientist Bärbel Hönisch, set out to evaluate, categorize and integrate available proxies to create a high-fidelity record of atmospheric CO2.

"This represents some of the most inclusive and statistically refined approaches to interpreting CO2 over the last 66 million years," said co-author Dustin Harper, a U postdoctoral researcher in Bowen's lab. "Some of the new takeaways are we're able to combine multiple proxies from different archives of sediment, whether that's in the ocean or on land, and that really hasn't been done at this scale."

The new research is a community effort involving some 90 scientists from 16 countries. Funded by dozens of grants from multiple agencies, the group hopes to eventually reconstruct the CO2 record back 540 million years to the dawn of complex life.

At the start of the Industrial Revolution -- when humans began burning to coal, then oil and gas to fuel their economies -- atmospheric CO2 was around 280 ppm. The heat-trapping gas is released into the air when these fossil fuels burn.

Looking forward, concentrations are expected to climb up to 600 to 1,000 ppm by the year 2100, depending on the rate of future emissions. It is not clear exactly how these future levels will influence the climate.

But having a reliable map of past CO2 levels could help scientists more accurately predict what future climates may look like, according to U biology professor William Anderegg, director the U's Wilkes Center for Climate & Policy.

"This is an incredibly important synthesis and has implications for future climate change as well, particularly the key processes and components of the Earth system that we need to understand to project the speed and magnitude of climate change," Anderegg said.

Today's 419 ppm is the highest CO2 in 14 million years

At times in the past when Earth was a far warmer place, levels of CO2 were much higher than now. Still, the 419 ppm recorded today represents a steep and perhaps dangerous spike and is unprecedented in recent geologic history.

"By 8 million years before present, there's maybe a 5% chance that CO2 levels were higher than today," Bowen said, "but really we have to go back 14 million years before we see levels we think were like today."

In other words, human activity has significantly altered the atmosphere within the span of a few generations. As a result, climate systems around the globe are showing alarming signs of disruption, such as powerful storms, prolonged drought, deadly heat waves and ocean acidification.

A solid understanding of atmospheric CO2 variation through geological time is also essential to deciphering and learning from various features of Earth's history. Changes in atmospheric CO2 and climate likely contributed to mass extinctions, as well as evolutionary innovations.

Read more at Science Daily

Serotonin loss may contribute to cognitive decline in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease

Comparing PET scans of more than 90 adults with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers say relatively lower levels of the so-called "happiness" chemical, serotonin, in parts of the brain of those with MCI may play a role in memory problems including Alzheimer's disease.

The findings, first published online Sept. 13 in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, lend support to growing evidence that measurable changes in the brain happen in people with mild memory problems long before an Alzheimer's diagnosis, and may offer novel targets for treatments to slow or stop disease progression.

"The study shows that people with mild cognitive impairment already display loss of the serotonin transporter. This measure that reflects serotonin degeneration is associated with problems with memory, even when we take into account in our statistical model MRI measures of neurodegeneration and PET measures of the amyloid protein that are associated with Alzheimer's Disease," says Gwenn Smith, Ph.D., professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

MCI describes the diagnostic stage between normal brain function in aging and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Symptoms of MCI include frequent forgetfulness of recent events, word finding difficulty, and loss of the sense of smell.

Those with MCI may stay in this stage indefinitely, or progress to more severe forms of cognitive deficits, giving urgency to the search for predictive markers, and possible early prevention interventions, investigators say.

The investigators cautioned that their study showed a correlation between lower serotonin transporter levels and memory problems in MCI, and was not designed to show causation or the role of serotonin in the progression from MCI to AD. To answer these questions, further research is needed to study over time healthy controls and individuals with MCI to demonstrate the role of serotonin in disease progression.

For the study, the Hopkins scientists recruited 49 volunteers with MCI, and 45 healthy adults ages 55 and older who underwent an MRI to measure changes in brain structure and two positron emission tomography (PET) scans of their brains at Johns Hopkins between 2009 and 2022.

The research team used PET scans to look specifically at the serotonin transporter -- a neurotransmitter, or brain chemical long associated with positive mood, appetite and sleep -- and to look at the amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) distribution in the brain.

Aβ is thought to play a central role in the pathology of AD. Studies in mice done at Johns Hopkins have shown that serotonin degeneration occurs before the development of widespread beta-amyloid deposits in the brain.

Loss of serotonin is often associated with depression, anxiety, and psychological disorders.

Researchers found that MCI patients had lower levels of the serotonin transporter, and higher levels of Aβ than healthy controls.

The MCI patients had up to 25% lower serotonin transporter levels in cortical and limbic regions than healthy controls.

In particular, they report, lower serotonin transporter levels were found in cortical, limbic, and subcortical regions of the brains in those with MCI, areas specifically responsible for executive function, emotion, and memory.

"The correlation we observed between lower serotonin transporters and memory problems in MCI is important because we may have identified a brain chemical that we can safely target that may improve cognitive deficits and, potentially, depressive symptoms," says Smith.

"If we can show that serotonin loss over time is directly involved in the transition from MCI to AD, recently developed antidepressant medications may be an effective way to improve memory deficits and depressive symptoms and thus, may be a powerful way forward to slow disease progression."

Researchers say future studies include longitudinal follow up of individuals with MCI to compare serotonin degeneration to the increase in and Aβ levels, as well as the increase in levels of the Tau protein that is also associated with AD compared to healthy adults.

They are also studying multi-modal antidepressant drugs to treat depression and memory deficits in hopes of mitigating and halting symptoms.

Read more at Science Daily

'Shocking' discovery: Electricity from electric eels may transfer genetic material to nearby animals

The electric eel is the biggest power-making creature on Earth. It can release up to 860 volts, which is enough to run a machine. In a recent study, a research group from Nagoya University in Japan found electric eels can release enough electricity to genetically modify small fish larvae. They published their findings in PeerJ -- Life and Environment.

The researchers' findings add to what we know about electroporation, a gene delivery technique.

Electroporation uses an electric field to create temporary pores in the cell membrane.

This lets molecules, like DNA or proteins, enter the target cell.

The research group was led by Professor Eiichi Hondo and Assistant Professor Atsuo Iida from Nagoya University.

They thought that if electricity flows in a river, it might affect the cells of nearby organisms.

Cells can incorporate DNA fragments in water, known as environmental DNA.

To test this, they exposed the young fish in their laboratory to a DNA solution with a marker that glowed in the light to see if the zebrafish had taken the DNA.

Then, they introduced an electric eel and prompted it to bite a feeder to discharge electricity.

According to Iida, electroporation is commonly viewed as a process only found in the laboratory, but he was not convinced.

"I thought electroporation might happen in nature," he said.

"I realized that electric eels in the Amazon River could well act as a power source, organisms living in the surrounding area could act as recipient cells, and environmental DNA fragments released into the water would become foreign genes, causing genetic recombination in the surrounding organisms because of electric discharge."

The researchers discovered that 5% of the larvae had markers showing gene transfer.

"This indicates that the discharge from the electric eel promoted gene transfer to the cells, even though eels have different shapes of pulse and unstable voltage compared to machines usually used in electroporation," said Iida.

"Electric eels and other organisms that generate electricity could affect genetic modification in nature.."

Read more at Science Daily